Sheffield Scientific School

Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, the railroad executive. The school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish the model for the transition of U.S. higher education from a classical model to one which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, however, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College. The Sheff ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956.

History

After technological developments in the early nineteenth century such as the electric telegraph, an interest was fostered in teaching applied science at universities. Harvard established the Lawrence Scientific School in 1846 and Dartmouth began the Chandler Scientific School in 1852. The stage was set at Yale for the transition in education beginning in 1846, when professorships of agricultural chemistry (John Pitkin Norton) and practical chemistry (Benjamin Silliman Jr.) were established. In 1847, the School of Applied Chemistry became part of a newly created Department of Philosophy and the Arts (later, the Yale Graduate School). John Norton retired in 1852 and was replaced by John Addison Porter. Applied chemistry was followed in 1852 by a professorship of civil engineering (William Augustus Norton) establishing a school of engineering. These programs comprised the Yale Scientific School.

In 1853 and 1854, science and engineering courses were listed in the Yale College course catalog as offered by the Yale Scientific School. Porter elicited help from his father-in-law, Joseph Earl Sheffield and in 1858, Sheffield donated funds and real property for the school. The old Yale Medical School building on the northeast corner of Grove and Prospect Streets was renovated and renamed (South) Sheffield Hall. (It was demolished in 1931 and is now the site of Sterling Tower, Sheffield Hall and Strathcona Hall (SSS).) Sheffield's building reinforced the division of Hillhouse Avenue into an upper, residential section, and a lower section devoted to education. In 1861, the school became the Sheffield Scientific School in recognition of his generosity devoted to "the promotion of the study of the natural, physical, and mathematical sciences."

Sheffield was one of Yale's greatest benefactors and continued to support the school throughout his life, giving a total of about US$500,000. Yale also received US$591,000 from his will as well as his house, the Sheffield mansion, designed and originally owned by Ithiel Town (demolished in 1957).^[1] The school also benefited from the Morrill Act starting in 1863 and an agricultural course was begun. Land grant status, however, was transferred to the Storrs Agricultural School in 1893 after arguments by the state grange that the school was not a proper "farm school".^[2]

A series of lectures, later known as the Sheffield Lectures was instituted by the school in 1866. Professor Othniel Charles Marsh of the school led four Yale scientific expeditions in search of fossils in 1870-3.

Education and Student Life

The Sheffield School innovated with an undergraduate course offering science and mathematics as well as economics, English, geography, history, modern languages, philology and political science. Sheffield also pioneered graduate education in the United States, granting the first Ph.D. in America in 1861 as well as the first engineering Ph.D in America to Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1863, and the first geology Ph.D. to William North Rice in 1867.

Unlike Yale College students at the time, Sheffield students had "no dorms, no required chapel, no disciplinary marks and no proctors".^[3] The Academical Department of Yale (Ac) and Sheffield (Sheff) became rivals. Loomis Havemeyer, alumnus and registrar at Sheffield, stated: "During the second half of the nineteenth century Yale College and Sheffield Scientific School, separated by only a few streets, were two separate countries on the same planet." The Ac students studied liberal arts and would look down on the practical Sheff students.

Sheffield had its own student secret societies (aka final clubs or senior societies, some also known by their Greek letters) including the Colony Club, 1848 (now Berzelius), the Cloister, 1863 (now Book and Snake), St. Anthony Hall, 1867 (now a 3-year society, also called Delta Psi), St. Elmo, 1889 (also a senior society), as well as Franklin Hall, 1865 (Theta Xi), York Hall, 1877 (Chi Phi), Sachem Hall, 1890 (Phi Sigma Kappa), and Vernon Hall, 1895 (Phi Gamma Delta). The Yale Scientific Magazine was founded at Sheffield in 1894, the first student magazine devoted to the sciences.

Other Buildings

In 1872-3, Sheffield Scientific School's first new building, North Sheffield Hall was built, designed by Josiah Cleaveland Cady, on what had been the gardens of the Town-Sheffield mansion. This was followed by Winchester Hall (1892) and Sheffield Chemical (1894-5, J. Cleaveland Cady). Of these, only the latter, Sheffield Chemical, is still standing, renovated and renamed Arthur K. Watson Hall. Becton Laboratory (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1970) now stands on the site of North Sheffield and Winchester Halls (demolished in 1967). Further expansion brought Kirtland Hall (1902, Kirtland Cutter), Hammond Laboratory (1904, W. Gedney Beatty), Leet Oliver Hall (1908, Charles C. Haight), Mason Laboratory (1911, Charles C. Haight) and Dunham Laboratory (1912, Henry Morse; addition 1958, Douglas Orr), all still standing except Hammond which was razed in 2009 to make way for two new residential colleges.^[4]

The Vanderbilt-Sheffield Dormitories and Towers were built by Charles C. Haight from 1903 to 1906, and Haight's chapter house St. Anthony Hall was built in 1913. Byers Hall, designed by Hiss and Weekes and built in 1903, served as a center for social and religious life. These buildings are now incorporated into Silliman College, and St. Anthony Hall still owns its building, which completes the College and Wall Street corner of the Silliman College Quadrangle. In 2006-7, Silliman underwent a major renovation.

Also, in 1913, land in East Lyme was purchased for a field engineering camp (now the Yale Outdoor Education Center).

Reorganization

During the 1918-1919 reorganization of the educational structure of Yale University, the three years "select" course at Sheffield Scientific School was eliminated and a four year course of study for those studying "professional science" and "engineering" was approved, while graduate courses were transferred to the Graduate School, leaving only undergraduate courses taught at Sheffield Scientific School from 1919 to 1945, coexisting with Yale College's science programs. The centennial was celebrated in 1947 with the Silliman lectures given by Ernest O. Lawrence, Linus Pauling, W. M. Stanley and George Wells Beadle.^[5]

The first degree of Bachelor of Science was awarded in 1922 to the graduating class of the Sheffield Scientific School. In 1932, the School of Engineering was reestablished and Sheffield Scientific School engineering classes were transferred to the new school. In 1945, the Sheffield Scientific School resumed its original function of graduate level instruction in science. Undergraduate courses for the Bachelor of Science degree were transferred to Yale College, and undergraduate courses for a Bachelor of Science in industrial administration were transferred to the School of Engineering.

This transition occurred gradually, through the influence of "aggressive, powerful alumni" (including Edwin Oviatt, editor of the Yale Alumni Weekly) who "took control out of [President Hadley]'s hands and forced a radical reorganization of Yale".^[3] In 1956, the Sheffield Scientific School was terminated as an active school. The Board of Trustees still exists to oversee the Sheffield Scientific School property and meet legal requirements. The schools faculty is defined as teachers of science to graduate students under the Division of Science. Engineering teaching and research is now conducted within the School of Engineering & Applied Science.

Directors

• George Jarvis Brush (Professor of Mineralogy) was Director of the Sheffield Scientific School from 1872 to 1898.
• Russell Henry Chittenden (Professor of Physiological Chemistry) was Director of the Sheffield Scientific School from 1898 to 1922.
• Charles Hyde Warren (Sterling Professor of Geology) was Dean of the Sheffield Scientific School from 1922 to 1945.
• Edmund Ware Sinnott (Sterling Professor of Botany) was Director of the Sheffield Scientific School from 1945 to 1956.

Notable faculty

• Charles Emerson Beecher, paleontologist, member of the governing board
• William Henry Brewer, botanist, first chair of agriculture, as well as a graduate from the first class of the school
• August Jay DuBois (1849-1907), mechanical engineering
• Daniel Coit Gilman, geographer, helped plan and raise funds
• Thomas Lounsbury, American literary historian, professor of English and librarian at Sheff
• Chester S. Lyman (1814-1890), industrial mechanics; inventor of surveying and astronomical instruments
• Lafayette Mendel, biochemist
• Manfield Merriman (1848-1925), civil engineering; author of "A Treatise on Hydraulics and on the Strength of Materials", 1877
• John Pitkin Norton, chemist, founding faculty member
• William Augustus Norton, civil engineer, founding faculty member
• John Addison Porter, chemist
• Charles Brinckerhoff Richards, engineer chair of Mechanical Engineering from 1884-1909
• Benjamin Silliman, Jr., chemist, founding faculty member
• William Petit Trowbridge (1828-1892), mechanical engineering; published the first cantilever bridge design; Member, National Academy of Science
• Francis Amasa Walker, economist
• William Dwight Whitney, organized and taught in the department of modern languages; member of the governing board

Notable alumni

• Clifford Whittingham Beers, mental health pioneer
• Jules Blankfein, Physician & Founder: Physician's Hospital (NYC)
• William Edward Boeing, aviator
• John Vernou Bouvier III, stockbroker and socialite
• Chester Bowles, American politician
• J. Twing Brooks, U. S. congressman
• Henry Boardman Conover, ornithologist

• Charles Benjamin Dudley, chemist
• Isadore Dyer, physician
• Lee De Forest, electronics inventor
• Francis I. du Pont, chemist
• Joseph W. Frazer, automobile magnate
• James Terry Gardiner, surveyor and engineer
• Josiah Willard Gibbs, mathematical physicist and physical chemist
• T. Keith Glennan, first NASA administrator
• John Campbell Greenway, American mining, steel and railroad executive, soldier
• Harold L. Green, chain store founder
• Harry Frank Guggenheim, businessman, philanthropist
• Daniel Webster Hering, physicist
• John Hays Hammond, mining engineer, philanthropist, faculty member. He endowed a program at Sheff in mining and metallurgy and accepted a professorship. Hammond Laboratory is named for him.
• John Hays Hammond, Jr., inventor, “father of radio control’’
• Robert James Huber, Michigan politician, businessman
• Tony Hulman (1924) businessman, owner of Indianapolis Motor Speedway 1945–1977
• Treat Baldwin Johnson, chemist
• Clarence King, American geologist and mountaineer
• Duane Lyman, architect
• Othniel Charles Marsh, paleontologist
• Champion Mathewson, metallurgist
• Truman Handy Newberry, American businessman and politician
• Thomas Wharton Phillips, U. S. Congressman
• William North Rice, geologist and theologian
• Stanley Pickett Rockwell (1907), metallurgist and co-inventor of the Rockwell hardness test
• William Thompson Sedgwick, bacteriologist and public health scientist
• George B. Selden, lawyer and inventor
• Sidney Irving Smith, zoologist
• James Graham Phelps Stokes, philanthropist, publicist, and political activist
• Zhan Tianyou, Chinese railroad engineer, "father of China's railroad"
• Edward de Villafranca, noted educator, AP and IB exam developer.
• Thomas Yawkey, owner of the Boston Red Sox for 44 years

Notes

1. ^ Loomis Havemeyer, Samuel Dudley, The Engineering Heritage at Yale, 1852-1957, 1959.
2. ^ Mark J. Roy, Land grant status acquired through struggle, 1997
3. ^ ^{a b} Kelly, Brooks Mather, Yale: A History, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1974.
4. ^ Cross-Campus, Nov. 2, 2009, Yale Daily News
5. ^ G. A. Baitsell (ed), The Centennial of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University Press, 1950.

Other sources

• Cunningham, W. Jack, Engineering at Yale, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, 1992. ISBN 1-878508-06-7
• Pinnell, Patrick L., Yale University: The Campus Guide, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999.
• Shimp, Andy, Sheffield Scientific School.
• Yale Engineering through the Centuries
• Chittenden, Russell H., History of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, 1846–1922. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1928.
• Furniss, Edgar S., The Graduate School of Yale: A Brief History. New Haven, Conn.: Purington Rollins, 1965.
• Veysey, Laurence R., The Emergence of the American University. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
• Warren, Charles H. The Sheffield Scientific School from 1847 to 1947. In The Centennial of the Sheffield Scientific School. Edited by George Alfred Baitsell. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950.